United against violence

Despite significant strides in legislation, gender-based violence (GBV) remains a pervasive and deeply entrenched issue in Pakistan. According to the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), 32 per cent of women in Pakistan have faced some form of GBV. This includes domestic violence; sexual abuse and rape; trafficking; female genital mutilation; forced prostitution; and ‘honour’ crimes.

As young girls grow up under norms of oppression and abuse, they are almost certain to encounter various forms of GBV. This exposure significantly impacts the lives of survivors. According to the UNFPA, GBV profoundly affects survivors’ physical and mental health, leading to anxiety, depression, suicidal thoughts and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Survivors often experience a loss of individuality, dignity and self-worth. Physically, they endure a range of health issues, including sexually transmitted diseases, which can lead to further serious health complications. This tragic reality is reflected in Pakistan’s high maternal mortality rate and prevalent women’s health issues.

The high rates of GBV in Pakistan are correlated with the patriarchal control that dominates the country’s social and cultural landscape. Patriarchy has made oppression, possession, and objectification of women a norm in the country. This entrenched gender disparity not only fuels the prevalence of GBV but also systematically hinders women’s participation in key societal institutions such as education, politics, and the workforce.

At the national level, the refined labour force participation rate (LFPR) of women (aged 15-64 years) is as low as 26 per cent, compared to 84 per cent for men. This complex interplay between patriarchal norms and gender inequality perpetuates a cycle of violence and exclusion, stifling women’s potential and preventing them from contributing to the progress of society.

One of the most formidable impediments to addressing GBV in Pakistan is the pervasive social stigma that silences victims and dissuades them from seeking justice. This stigma manifests in several ways: women who speak out face victim-blaming, ostracism, and even further violence. This serves as the most powerful deterrent against reporting abuse. Consequently, this culture of silence shields the perpetrators from accountability.

The judicial system, despite being equipped with laws intended to safeguard women, frequently falters in their implementation. Cases of GBV frequently go unreported, and those that do reach the courts are met with long delays and inadequate investigations. This is evidenced by the extremely low conviction rate for GBV, which hovers between 1-2 per cent, according to the UNFPA. These shortcomings not only obstruct the path to justice but also deepen the sense of disillusionment and helplessness among the victims.

Education is one of the most potent tools for countering GBV. Comprehensive educational programmes can challenge and change harmful gender norms and stereotypes that perpetuate violence against women. Education empowers women by providing them with the skills and confidence to assert their rights. Educated women are more likely to be economically independent, which reduces their vulnerability to domestic violence and gives them greater leverage to leave abusive relationships.

According to the Domestic Health Survey, women with higher education attainment are more likely to seek help to end violence (46 per cent) compared to women with no education (25 per cent). This data demonstrates that educated women are more likely to report cases of GBV, as they possess a better understanding of relevant laws and know how to seek assistance from appropriate legal forums.

The government of Pakistan must actively promote multi-sectoral coordinated efforts involving UN agencies, women’s rights organizations, and the media to combat GBV. This coordination should be facilitated by the Ministry of Human Rights, National and Provincial Commissions on the Status of Women, and other relevant rights bodies. They should develop robust mechanisms for close coordination and engagement to promote and protect women’s rights.

At present, there is an urgent need to develop both short- and long-term multipronged strategies that holistically address GBV. Short-term strategies should prioritize immediate support mechanisms, including accessible shelters, hotlines, and emergency medical and legal assistance. These services must be available at all times and sensitively managed to meet the needs of victims across Pakistan.

There should be well-planned and well-organized awareness campaigns for both women and men on GBV as well as the laws made to counter it. Simultaneously, long-term strategies should focus on systemic reforms, including enhancing the capacity of law-enforcement agencies to effectively investigate and prosecute cases of GBV. This involves training on gender sensitivity and victim-centered approaches for police officers, prosecutors, and judiciary.

Ultimately, a concerted effort involving all stakeholders is essential to creating a supportive environment where victims feel empowered to seek justice and access essential services without fear of stigma. By committing to coordinated action and sustained investment, Pakistan can make significant strides towards eliminating GBV and advancing women’s rights nationwide.

The writer is a freelance contributor.