Perimenopausal women face increased depression risk

Perimenopausal women have a 40% higher risk of depression compared to those without menopausal symptoms, according to research.

Perimenopause typically begins three to five years before menopause.

Experts from University College London (UCL) found that women may become vulnerable to depression and anxiety as they approach the end of their menstrual cycles, with new cases emerging or existing symptoms worsening.

During perimenopause, women aged 49 to 52 may encounter common mental health symptoms such as low mood, anxiety, mood swings, low self-esteem, and memory/concentration issues. Physical symptoms like hot flushes, sleep difficulties, heart palpitations, muscle aches, joint pains, and weight gain are also prevalent, according to the study published in the Journal of Affective Disorders.

The study analyzed data from seven studies involving 9,141 women worldwide (including Australia, the US, China, the Netherlands, and Switzerland). It concluded that perimenopausal women face a significantly higher risk of depressive symptoms and diagnoses compared to premenopausal women. Interestingly, post-menopausal women did not exhibit a significantly increased risk of depression when compared to premenopausal individuals.

Estrogen affects neurotransmitter metabolism (including dopamine, norepinephrine, beta-endorphin, and serotonin), influencing emotional states. Night sweats, which are common during perimenopause, may also contribute to sleep problems, although this link is not conclusive.

Women with a history of depression are particularly susceptible during menopause. Additionally, caring for both ageing parents and children may heighten vulnerability.

Senior author Dr Roopal Desai said: “This study shows that women in the perimenopausal stage are significantly more likely to experience depression than either before or after this stage.

“Our findings emphasise the importance of acknowledging that women in this life stage are more vulnerable to experiencing depression.

“It also underlines the need to provide support and screening for women to help address their mental health needs effectively.”

In a prior study, the same researchers discovered that mindfulness and cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) could effectively address non-physical symptoms associated with menopause. These treatments offer valuable support for women navigating emotional and psychological challenges during this life stage.

Professor Aimee Spector said: “Women spend years of their lives dealing with menopausal symptoms that can have a huge impact on their wellbeing and quality of life.

“Our findings show just how significantly the mental health of perimenopausal women can suffer during this time.

“We need greater awareness and support to ensure they receive appropriate help and care both medically, in the workplace and at home.”