In a groundbreaking study, scientists have identified five diverse periods of structural development in one of the most comprehensive studies to date.
The study, which was conducted on the brain scans of nearly 4,000 people aged under one to 90, mapped neural pathways and how those pathways evolve during our lives.
Primarily, the five broad phases are split by four central turning points, in which brain development moves to a distinct trajectory approximately nine, 32, 66, and 83 years.
In this connection, a researcher in neuroinformatics at Cambridge University and senior author of the study said, “Understanding that the brain’s structural journey is not a question of steady progression, but rather one of a few major turning points will help us identify when and how its wiring is vulnerable to disruption.”
A person’s early 30s mark the brain’s final shift into adult mode, which then lasts for more than three decades.
A third turning point around the stage of 66 marks the start of an accelerated brain aging, representing the late-aged brain, which makes a sharp transition around age 83.
The scientists determined brain organization using 12 distinct measures, including the efficacy and sectionalization of the wiring, and whether the brain relies heavily on nerve centers or has a broader connection network.
In the brain’s second “epoch”, white matter continues to grow in volume, causing the acceleration of brain organizations. This era resulted in increased efficiency of connection across the entire brain.
The significant paradigm shift can be observed at around the age of 32, and while the research did not categorically state it, key life events such as parenthood may play a crucial role in some of the changes.
It is pertinent to note that when a woman gives birth, her brain changes and it’s reasonable to assume that there could be a relationship between this change and the structural eras.
The brain architecture shows signs of levelling out compared with previous phases and corresponds with a “plateau in intelligence and personality.”
The final stages were defined by decreases in brain connectivity, which are believed to be related to aging, and the study effectively underscores that social adulthood begins earlier, while neuroscientific adulthood in a later milestone.