TECH TALK
X-rays are a type of electromagnetic radiation that can pass through the body to create images of internal structures. Their discovery dates back to 8 November 1895, when German physicist Wilhelm Roentgen first observed them. He called them “X” rays because of their unknown nature. In recognition of this groundbreaking work, he was awarded the first Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901.
Roentgen’s discovery transformed the medical field. For the first time, doctors could see inside the human body without surgery. Even over a century later, X-rays remain one of the most commonly used diagnostic tools in medicine.
How X-rays help in diagnosis
X-rays offer numerous advantages in medical diagnosis:
Non-invasive: They allow doctors to examine bones, organs, and tissues without making any incisions.
Bone imaging: They provide detailed images of bones, making it easier to detect fractures or dislocations.
Chest conditions: X-rays help identify lung conditions like pneumonia, tuberculosis, and emphysema.
Cancer detection: In some cases, X-rays can help detect tumors and other abnormalities.
The flip side: radiation risks
Despite their usefulness, X-rays emit ionizing radiation, which can pose health risks if overused. Excessive or repeated exposure can lead to skin burns, tissue damage, and in rare cases, increased cancer risk. That’s why X-rays should always be done under a doctor’s recommendation, not just for routine checks without cause.
Protecting yourself from unnecessary radiation
From checking broken bones to identifying internal diseases, X-rays serve many roles. But safety comes first. Here are simple steps for minimizing radiation exposure:
Never undergo X-rays without medical necessity
Pregnant women should avoid X-rays unless it’s essential for diagnosis and approved by a healthcare provider.
Children and young adults are more sensitive to radiation—extra caution is needed.
Radiographers and patients
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), in routine radiography:
Radiographers should remain behind protective shields during exposures.
If they must be in the room, they should wear lead aprons and gloves.
WHO recommends following three key principles of radiation protection:
Justification: The procedure must be medically necessary.
Optimization: Apply the ALARA principle—As Low As Reasonably Achievable.
Dose limitation: Use Dose Reference Levels (DRLs) to avoid harmful radiation exposure.
World Radiography Day - a day to celebrate
Every year on 8 November, the world celebrates World Radiography Day to honor the discovery of X-rays and recognize the vital role radiographers play in healthcare. It’s also a reminder to use radiographic techniques responsibly and raise awareness about radiation safety.
Using X-rays wisely
X-rays are a powerful medical tool—but like all powerful tools, they should be used wisely. If your doctor recommends an X-ray, don’t hesitate. But always ensure it’s justified, optimized, and safe. And remember: young women of childbearing age, children, and older adults are more vulnerable to radiation, so extra care must be taken.
Radiographers, too, play a crucial role by following safety protocols established by bodies like the IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency) and the NCRP (National Council on Radiation Protection).
Next time you undergo an X-ray, you’ll know you’re looking into more than just your bones—you’re peering into one of the greatest breakthroughs in medical history.